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ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER OUTLINE
SECTION 1: THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
- I. Introduction
- A legend is told of how two brothers, _______________ and _________________ founded the city of Rome.
- They were the children of a princess and __________________, the Roman god of __________.
- A jealous king feared the twins would someday ___________________________from him, so he ordered that ________________________________________________________________.
- However, a mother _____________________ rescued the _________________.
- Then a _____________________ found the twins and raised them ______________________.
- The twins grew up, _________________________________ and went off to build their own city.
- At a place where seven hills rise above the _________________________, they founded the city of _____________________.
- II. Rome’s Geography
- From Rome’s founding, we learn that the Romans valued _______________________________.
- People who broke the law would be ________________________, just as the ______________ in the legend was _______________________________.
- The Romans also believed that having the ____________________________________________ was very important.
- The ________________________________ on which Rome was founded made the area easy to __________________________.
- The soil was also ______________________ and the area had a good _____________________.
- From the mountains of central Italy, the ________________________________ flowed through Rome before emptying into the ___________________________________________________.
- Rome was also at the center of the ____________________________________ now called Italy. Italy was at the center of the _____________________________________________, and the _______________________________________ was at the center of the known Western world.
- We know very little about the people who actually founded Rome, but we do know that their first settlements date from ________________________________________
- About 600 B.C., a group of people called the _____________________________ took power in Rome, but the Romans drove them out in ______________________.
- Although the Romans defeated the _______________________, they adopted _______________________.
- Many of the Roman gods were originally __________________________________, the Romans borrowed the _____________________________ the Etruscans used, and the Roman garment called the ____________________ came from the Etruscans.
- III. Romans Form a Republic
- After defeating the Etruscans, the Romans vowed never to put so much trust in ____________.
- They wanted a government that did not ____________________________________________.
- The Romans created a new form of government called a ____________________ where citizens who have the right to____________________________________________________________.
- The leaders rule in the _________________________ of the ____________________.
- The Roman republic was led by two chief officials called ______________________.
- The most powerful part of the government, however, was a group called the _______________.
- The Senate advised the consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and ______________________.
- At first, the Senate was made up of only 300 ___________________________________, __________________________ called __________________.
- Ordinary citizens were known as ___________________________.
- In the early republic, _____________________ could not hold office or be _________________.
- In 367 B.C., a new law said that at least one ______________ had to be ___________________.
- From that point on, ________________________ could also be ___________________.
- The power of the ____________________ was limited. They could only rule for _____________ year, and both had to _____________________ before the government could take any action.
- The Romans knew that their government might _______________ if the two consuls __________________________ in an ______________________________.
- For that reason, Roman law allowed that a __________________ could be appointed for ______ months to handle an ______________________________.
- Within about 250 years, Rome had conquered almost all of ________________.
- As Rome grew ____________________ from conquest, troubles arose between the ____________________and the _________________________.
- Many patricians increased their ________________ by taking riches from __________________ ___________________________. These riches helped them ________________________ from small farmers to create _____________________________________________ for themselves.
- Slaves _____________________________________________________ worked on these farms.
- As a result, __________________________________________ found themselves without work.
- The cities, especially Rome, were filled with _________________________________________.
- Mistrustful of the ______________________________________________________, plebeians ___________________________ to protect their own interests.
- Eventually, _________________ plebeians refused to fight in ____________________________.
- It was then that the ______________________ gave in to one of the main demands of the plebeians-a written code of laws called the _______________________________________. Despite the fact that these laws applied _________________________ to all citizens, the plebeians never had as much __________________________________________________.
- While patricians and plebeians fought for ______________________ in Rome, Roman armies destroyed _______________________________________________________.
- They also seized control of ______________________ and conquered __________________.
- IV. The Decline of the Republic
- By ___________ B.C., Rome was in ______________________.
- Over the next 75 years, a number of generals gathered ______________________ and fought for _____________________________.
- Consuls no longer respected each other’s _______________________________.
- Rome fell into _____________________________________, with private armies roaming the streets and _____________________________________.
- As Rome seemed about to break up, _________________________ arose as a strong leader.
- ______________________ was eager for power. From _________ to_______ B.C., he had led his army in conquering the people of ________________ who lived in present-day France and nearby lands.
- In 49 B.C., __________________ returned to __________________.
- War broke out between __________________ and the _____________________.
- ______________________ won the war and became __________________ of the Roman world in ____________ B.C.
- ____________ ignored the rule that a dictator could rule for only _______________________.
- He ruled with great ____________ and, in ________ B.C., he became the only _____________.
- In 44 B.C., he became _____________________________.
- Caesar made many important governmental reforms, but many _________________________ hated the idea that Rome seemed to be once again ___________________________________.
- On March 15, 44 B.C. (the Ides of March), Caesar was __________________________________ by a group of senators who felt that he had gone too far, too fast, in _____________________.
- Civil war followed soon after ____________________________________.
- When war ended _____________ years later, Caesar’s adopted son, _____________________, held power.
- In 27 B.C., the senate awarded _________________ the title _____________________, which means _______________________________________.
- ______________________________ was Rome’s _______________ emperor.
- The Roman Republic had lasted nearly _____________________________. It had grown from a city-state to a holder of ____________________________________.
- Rome had the largest _____________________________________ the world had seen to that point.
- But the Roman Republic finally _________________________________________. With ____________________________, the Roman Empire was born.
- V. The Roman Soldier
- The Roman soldier was a _______________ and _______________________, committed to serving on the battlefield for at least __________________________________.
- Away from his homeland for __________________ at a time and forbidden to ______________ during his service, he formed strong bonds of loyalty to his _____________________________.
- If he survived to complete his dangerous ______________________, he could expect to be well rewarded with _____________________ or ___________________________.
- Foot soldiers called ___________________ sometimes marched _________________________ a day, weighed down by about _____________________________________ of equipment.
- The legionaries dug ramparts-___________________________________________ them from attack-by digging trenches about ten feet deep and then using the ________ to form ________.
SECTION 2: THE ROMAN EMPIRE
- I. Ruling an Empire
- When _____________________ came to power after Caesar’s death, Roman control had already spread ____________________________________________.
- With the rule of _____________________, a period of stability and prosperity known as the ________________________________ began. It lasted for about _______________ years.
- During the _____________________, people traveled _______________ within the empire, and trade with ___________________________________________.
- Augustus was an ______________________________. When he was struggling for power, he often ______________________________________________. But after he won control, he changed his _______________ and showed great _______________________ for the Senate and was careful to avoid acting like a ________________.
- The Roman rulers treated conquered peoples _______________________. They took some _____________________, but most of the conquered peoples ___________________________.
- They divided their empire into ___________________ with a Roman ______________________ supported by an ______________________.
- Generally, the Romans did not force their way of ____________ on _______________________.
- They allowed them to follow their own _________________________ and run the daily affairs __________________________________.
- As long as there was ____________________, Roman governors did not ___________________ in conquered peoples’ lives; they just _______________________________________________.
- Rome wanted peaceful provinces in which the conquered people would supply the empire with the ______________________ it needed, ____________________, and ___________________.
- Many of the conquered people adopted _______________________________, learned to speak ____________________, and ____________________________.
- In A.D. _____, Augustus died. Although the ___________________________ continued after his death, good, bad, and terrible emperors ruled for the next ____________________.
- Two of the worst emperors during this time were _________________ and ________________.
- _________________ was a _______________, unfair ruler.
- ______________ murdered his half-brother, his mother, and his__ ___________ among others.
- In A.D. 96, Rome entered what is called the age of the “________________________________.”
- The five, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, and ________________, gained the support of the Senate and ruled fairly.
- Perhaps the greatest of these emperors was ________________, who ruled from A.D. __________________.
- ________________ issued a code of laws that made __________________________________ throughout the empire and reorganized the army so that soldiers were ___________________ _______________________________________________.
- The last of the “good emperors,” ______________________________________ , chose his son ________________ to follow him, but ________________________________ ruled with such ____________________ that his reign ended the ____________________________.
- II. The Greek Influence on Rome
- The Romans had long admired ______________________________ and many Romans visited Greece to study ________, ______________________, and ideas about _________________.
- Greek religion influenced the ______________________________. Both practiced ____________________ and offered __________________ and ______________________ to their gods.
- Many Roman gods had Greek _____________________. For example, the Roman god of the sky, ______________________, shared characteristics with the Greek god _________________.
- The Romans also adopted __________________ from Greek ___________________ such as Hercules.
- Greeks and Romans both valued _______________________, but in different ______________.
- The Greeks were interested in __________________; they sought to learn _________________ about the world through ___________________________.
- The Romans were more interested in using the ideas of the Greeks to __________________.
- The Romans developed outstanding ______________________________ and ______________
___________________________, and with these skills, they ____________________________.
- III. The Roman Aqueduct
- The Romans built ___________________ to bring _______________ to the city.
- Aqueduct is derived from two Latin words: aqua means “water” and ductere means “to lead.” Hence, an aqueduct __________________________.
- Sources of water had to be at ________________________ ______________ than the city so ___________________________ would move the water along.
- Engineers _________________ through mountains and ______________________ valleys to create a ______________________, _________________________.
- About four out of every five miles of aqueduct ran ______________________________. This kept the water ___________________ by keeping out ______________ and _______________.
- IV. Architecture and Technology
- Early Roman __________ and architecture copied the _____________________________.
- Later, the Romans studied and copied Greek __________________________ and _______________________. They then developed _____________________________.
- Roman statues and buildings were ________________________ and __________________ than those of the ____________________________.
- Using arches, Romans were able to build larger ______________________________.
- Most large buildings were built of _________________ covered with thin _________________ of _________________.
- The development of concrete, which is a mix of __________________________________, _________________________, ___________________, and _________________, helped the Romans construct buildings that were _________________________ than any built before.
- Possibly the greatest Roman building was the _______________________________, the site of _______________________ and _______________________ between people and animals.
- The _________________________ held __________________ people and the floor could be ______________________ for ___________________ battles using real people in actual boats.
- In Roman times, all major _____________ of the empire did lead to ______________________.
- The Roman road system covered a distance equal to ___________________________________
- V. The Laws of Rome
- Like Roman roads, Roman ___________________ spread throughout the empire.
- A later ruler named ___________________________ used Roman laws to create a famous code of justice aptly named the __________________________________________.
- Roman __________________ continued to be passed down to other _____________________.
- Other Roman ideas of justice are basic to our system of _____________. For example, persons _______________________ of crimes had the right to _________________________________.
SECTION 3: ROMAN DAILY LIFE
- I. Roman Social Classes
- Roman society was made up of a ____________________ and many poor __________________ and ___________________________.
- A majority of poor Romans were either ________________ or __________________.
- Most of Rome’s jobless survived only with the ________________________________________.
- The rich often had __________________ in the city as well as large _______________________ called _____________.
- Wealthy Romans were famous for their ______________________________.
- In Rome, most people lived in _____________________________________________________.
- Many lived in tall _______________________________ houses with no ___________________, _______________________, or ____________________.
- ____________________ and _______________________ were often dumped out the windows.
- Because most houses were made of _________________, _______________ were frequent and often fatal.
- The worst, during the reign of ______________ in A.D. __________, destroyed most of the city.
- Poor citizens needed __________________ for ________________ to survive.
- When ________________ were bad, or when ____________________________ from overseas were late, the poor often _________________________.
- To prevent this, emperors provided _________________________ to the __________________.
- Emperors also provided spectacular ________________ called _______________________.
- The circuses could be _______________. Romans, _______________ and _____________, packed the arenas to watch the _______________________.
- These events included __________________fighting other _______________, animals fighting ____________________, and ___________________ fighting ______________________.
- The highlights of the day were the fights between ______________________________.
- Before the battles, ___________________ paraded onto the floor of the _________________.
- Battles ended when one ___________________ was _______________ or ________________ or _____________________ on the ground.
- Not all Romans approved of these ___________________________________.
- Seneca noted, “It’s sheer __________________. In the morning, men are thrown to the lions or bears. At noon, they are thrown __________________________________.”
- II. The Roman Family
- Despite these brutal sports, many Romans had _______________________________________.
- Most of all they valued ______________________________.
- The Roman government provided _________________________________, usually to the _______________________, in various ways.
- Under Julius Caesar, fathers of _________________________________________________ received _______________ from the government.
- Under Roman law, the ______________________ had absolute power over the entire _________________________.
- He owned his _______________________, ____________________, ____________, and ________________________.
- In the early days, he could _______________ a son or daughter into _________________. Later, this power was ___________________.
- The amount of freedom a woman in ancient Rome enjoyed depended on her _______________ ___________________________and __________________________.
- _______________________ women had a great deal of _______________________.
- Slavery _______________________ in ancient Rome. Almost every _______________________ owned ______________________.
- Even a ________________________ might own a __________________.
- While few __________________ paid their _________________ for their work, they often took good care of their ________________________________.
- Slaves had ________________________________.
- ______________________________ received the best treatment. Other slaves often led _______________________, _______________________ lives.
- ___________________ who worked on farms sometimes worked ______________________ together during the day and slept in __________________ at night.
- Slaves in _____________________, ______________, and __________________ worked under ____________________________ conditions.
- Some slaves were able to save ___________ or ______________ and buy their ___________________.
SECTION 4: CHRISTIANITY AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE
- I. The Beginnings of Christianity
- Christianity was one of many _________________ in the vast Roman Empire.
- The empire contained many lands with different ___________________, __________________, and _________________________.
- The Romans were __________________ toward the people and allowed them to ________________ their own _____________________as long as they showed loyalty to Roman __________________ and the ____________________.
- The Romans conquered the _______________________ homeland of ________________ in _________ B.C., and at first, they respected the Jews’ right to worship their ______________.
- But many Jews resented ___________________ rule and some believed that _______________ or ____________________ would come to bring justice and ___________________ to the land.
- As ______________________ to Roman rule grew, the Roman Senate appointed a new ruler of ______________ named __________________________.
- It was during ________________ reign that _______________________ was born in the Judean town of __________________________.
- Stories about what Jesus taught and how he lived are found in the ________________________, a part of the Christian ____________________.
- After Jesus died, his ________________________ told stories about his ________________ and ______________________.
- Between ______________ and _______________ years after his death, four of these stories—believed to have been written by men named ____________________, ________________, ______________, and _____________—came to be accepted by Christians as true descriptions of Jesus’ ____________________ and _______________.
- These writings are known as the four _____________________.
- According to the _______________________________, Jesus grew up in __________________ and began teaching when he was about ________ years old.
- Like all Jewish teachers, Jesus preached that there is only ______________________________.
- Jesus taught that God is __________________________ and _______________________.
- He promised that people who _____________________ in him and follow his ______________________________ will have _________________________________.
- His followers believed that Jesus was their ________________________.
- Jesus’ teachings _________________________________________.
- Some complained that Jesus was teaching that _________________ was greater than the _______________________.
- Fearing that he might lead an _________________________ against the government, the Roman governor condemned ________________________________________.
- He was ________________________, but according to the ___________________, Jesus rose from the ______________ and spoke to his __________________, telling them to spread his ___________________________________.
- II. Christianity Spreads
- The ___________________ equivalent of the word messiah was __________________.
- Many educated people of the day spoke ____________________________, and as these people accepted Jesus’’ _____________________, they began calling him ______________________.
- After his death, his followers, called ____________________, spread the new religion from __________________________ to Antioch in __________________, and finally to _______________ itself.
- One of the most ________________________________________ of Jesus’ teachings was a Jew whose ___________________________ name was _______________________.
- ________________________ was well educated and spoke ___________________, the common language of the _______________________ Roman Empire.
- According to the New Testament, _______________ at first __________________ the Christian message, one day, however, he believed he had a ___________________________ in which _______________ spoke to him.
- After this experience, ____________________ changed his name to _______________ and carried _______________________ to the cities around the ____________________________.
- _________________ writings helped turn the Christian faith into an ______________________.
- ______________ wrote many ______________ to Christian groups in distant ______________.
- Because Christians ____________________________ Roman gods or the emperor, many Roman officials began to view them as ____________________________________________________.
- Under the ___________________________________, the first official campaign _____________ Christians began in A.D. ________.
- One night, a _______________ started in some _______________ in _____________.
- The __________________ spread and burned for ______________________, leaving much of the ______________________.
- According to some accounts, _______________ blamed the _____________________.
- He ordered the _____________________ of ___________________ who were sent to their ________________.
- According to tradition, Paul was ___________________ and then _________________.
- At times over the next ____________ years, the Romans _________________________________.
- During these years, the Roman Empire began to lose ____________________ and the Romans sometimes ________________________________________.
- Still Christianity __________________ throughout the ______________________.
- Its message of hope for ___________________________________________ appealed to many.
- The help that Christian communities gave to ___________________, __________________, and the _______________ also attracted followers.
- Emperor ____________________, who ruled from A.D. 284 to 305, outlawed _______________
______________________ and put many believers to ________________.
- Nonetheless, many Romans ____________________ the Christians because they saw them as
__________________________ and ___________________. - By the A.D. 200’s, over _____________ Romans had accepted the ________________________.
SECTION 5: THE FALL OF ROME
- I. Introduction
- The Roman emperor and his troops paused on the banks of the ____________________ while the enemy waited on the other side.
- __________________________, emperor of Rome from A.D. 312 to 337, looked up and saw a ___________ in the sky.
- Written in Latin above the cross was the message, “In hoc signo vinco.” (_________________
________________________________________________.”)
- _________________________army went on to win an overwhelming _____________________.
- Because _________________ had died on a _________________, ________________________ believed he owed his victory to the ________________ of the ____________________, and he vowed to become a ________________________________.
- Historians today still debate whether he actually had this ______________________________; however, _____________________________ is known for strongly encouraging the spread of __________________________________ throughout the _______________________________.
- II. The Decline of the Empire
- The Christian church provided ___________________ and ___________________________ at a time when the mighty Roman Empire was on the ______________________________________.
- By the time _______________________________________ took power, he could do little to stop the ________________________.
- The decline had begun many years before when __________________________________ died.
- The emperor, known for his _____________________________, had left his son _________________________ in power in A.D. _____________.
- ___________________, though, was a __________________ who loved the bloodshed of the ________________________________.
- To strengthen his position as ruler, he ________________________________ to support him.
- The _____________________ of the Roman Empire began under _______________________.
- After ____________________, Roman emperors were almost always successful _______________________ and not _______________________________.
- They often ____________________________ from the treasury and used it to ______________ the soldiers and make themselves ___________________.
- Under these emperors, the ________________________ and _________________ lost stability and the ___________________ lost power.
- Would-be rulers gained the throne by _________________________, and between A.D.__ ____ and A.D. ________, Rome had _______ emperors. Most were ___________________________.
- Once the Roman army had been made up of _______________________ willing to defend their ___________, but now the army was filled with ___________________ who were motivated by _______________________ and not by _______________ to any cause.
- Rome’s strength depended on a __________________________ loyal to the nation, but such an army was now __________________________________.
- The Roman Empire had grown ___________________ to be ruled from one ________________.
- Tribes the Romans had____________________ earlier now _____________________________.
- Many ________________ territories regained their ____________________________________.
- The Roman army now had to spend its time ________________________________ instead of _________________________________________________ into new areas.
- The empire began to ________________________________.
- After Rome stopped conquering new _________________________, no new sources of ______________________________________.
- The empire struggled to pay its _______________________________army, one that often _______________________.
- To raise money, __________________________________ while people of the empire suffered ____________________________________________.
- ______________________ was in short supply, so the price of food _____________________.
- To pay for more _________________, the government decided to produce ________________.
- The value of the _______________________ depended on the amount of __________________ in them. But since the government did not _________________________________, it put less in ____________________________________________.
- This resulted in __________________________. If _______________________ is not controlled, money will buy _________________________ and ___________________.
- Roman coins soon became ____________________________________________.
- Some emperors such as _________________________________ worked hard to stop the _______________________________________________ of the Roman Empire.
- Diocletian ________________________________ and built new ______________ at the border.
- He also improved the system of __________________________ which brought in more money to _______________________________________.
- _____________________________ divided the empire into ______________ parts to make it easier ___________________________________.
- He ruled over the ___________________________________________, and he appointed a ________________________________who ruled over the _________________________.
- III. The Romans Accept Christianity
- _________________________ and his co-emperor stepped down in A.D. _______________.
- For ________________ years, generals fought each other until one, ______________________, won the power to _______________.
- ___________________________, who claimed that the _____________________________ had helped his army win the battle for control of Rome, proclaimed __________________________
___________________________ for people in the empire.
- Under ________________________, Rome would no longer persecute ____________________.
- _______________________ soon became the official ________________ of the Roman Empire.
- During _________________________ twenty-five years as emperor, he worked to strengthen the _______________________________________.
- In A.D. ______, Constantine moved his capital to the city of ______________________________ in present-day ____________________________.
- He renamed the city ______________________________.
- The _____________________ of the empire was now firmly in the ___________________.
- IV. The Defeat of Rome
- After __________________________ death, northern invaders swept across Rome’s borders.
- Today we call these people __________________________ tribes, but the Romans called them __________________.
- In the past, the Roman army had been able to ________________________________________, but now they could not ___________________ them.
- In the A.D. 400’s, ______________________ tribes ___________________________ the empire.
- One tribe, the Visigoths, captured and looted Rome in 410.
- The ________________________, another Germanic tribe, took Rome in ________________.
- The Roman emperor was almost ____________________________.
- The last Roman emperor was 14-year-old __________________________________.
- In _________, a German general seized control of Rome and sent the boy to live with relatives in ___________________________________.
- After _________________________________________, no emperor ruled over Rome and the ________________________________________.
- However, even after Rome fell, the ___________________ part of the empire remained _________________________.
- Its capital, _____________________________, remained the center of another empire, the _____________________________________, for another ______________________ years.