ANCIENT GREECE: CHAPTER 6 OUTLINE
Section I. EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATION
- I. The Geography of Greece
- The land of Greece looks as if the sea had __________________________________________
- Some pieces have drifted away to form ____________________________________________. Others seem to barely __________________________________________________________.
- Greece is a peninsula made up of _________________________________________________.
- __________________________ are the major landforms of Greece. Greece’s islands are mostly _____________________________ leaving only small patches of ________________________.
- Only about ___________________ of Greece is good for growing crops, so many Greeks became ____________________________________________________________.
- Many ancient Greek communities were separated by ___________________________ or _____________________________, therefore each community developed its ______________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
- Despite this, they shared a ____________________________, spoke the __________________ ___________________, and worshiped the _______________________________.
- II. The Rise of Greek Civilization
- Early Greek civilizations arose both on and off the Greek ____________________________. Two ancient peoples, the ___________________________and the ___________________________, made important contributions to Greek civilization.
- From about __________________ to about _________________ B.C., Bronze Age people called the __________________________ lived on the island of Crete. The Minoans developed a broad sea-trade network and traded with mainland Greece, Egypt, and _________________________.
- The ___________________________ developed an advanced culture. Samples of _________________________ writing have been found as well as palace ruins in the ancient city of Knossos.
- In the middle of the ______________________ B.C., Knossos was destroyed, probably by the ____________________________________, and Minoan civilization _____________________.
- After the __________________________ came to power, mainland and island cultures blended.
- At the height of their power, around _________________ B.C., the Mycenaeans controlled the _________________________________ and parts of the Mediterranean.
- The Mycenaeans relied on ____________________________ to spread their power. Greek myth tells the story of the ______________________________, a long struggle between Greece and the city of ______________________ on the west coast of _____________________________.
- According to Myth, Greece conquered _____________________________ by using a trick—the __________________________. Greek warriors hid inside a huge wooden _________________. The __________________________________ was rolled to the city gates. Thinking it was a ________________, the Trojans brought the _____________ into their city. During the night, the Greek soldiers climbed out of the _____________ and let the rest of their army into Troy. The Greeks ______________________________________________________ returned home.
- The ____________________ and the _________________________ tell the story of the Trojan War. They may have been composed by many people, but they are credited to one poet called ______________________________.
- These poems were important to the Greeks because they taught them _____________________
____________________________________ and how __________________________________
________________________________________________.
- Not long after the Trojan War ended, civilization in Greece _____________________________. No one knows exactly why.
- _________________________________ was everywhere and people no longer traded beyond Greece for food and other goods.
- They were so concerned with _______________________ that they even forgot the practice of _________________________________.
- These years, from the early __________________ B.C. to about ______________ B.C. have been called Greece’s ______________________________.
- Greece’s __________________________ were not completely bleak, however. During that time, families gradually resettled in places where they could grow crops and raise animals. Villages _____________________________ and people built ________________________ near rocky, protected hills.
- The name for the fortified hill of an ancient Greek city is _______________________, meaning “___________________________________________.”
- III. Governing Ancient Greece
- Historians believe that around ___________________________ B.C., villages throughout Greece began joining to form ___________________________.
- Each city formed near an __________________________________.
- Hundreds of Greek city-states formed, each one more or less ____________________________.
- The earliest rulers of city-states were probably ____________________ or _________________. By the end of the Greece’s ________________________________, most city-states were ruled by ______________________________ who controlled most of the good land and owned horses, chariots, and the best weapons.
- As the Greeks sailed to foreign ports trading ______________________, _________________, and other products, the city-states became _____________________
- A middle class of _________________________ and ____________________ developed and they wanted a say in the _____________________________ of their cities.
- Gradually, military strength shifted from the ___________________________ to the ________________________ and __________________________________.
- As a result, ______________________ governments were often overthrown and replaced by rulers called __________________ who were supported by the ________________________ and ________________________________ classes.
- Eventually, the people of many city-states overthrew _____________________________ who were too harsh. Some adopted a form of government called a __________________________ where citizens governed themselves.
- ____________________________________ was most fully developed in Athens where, about ______________, a leader named _________________________ reformed laws to allow _____________________________ citizens aged 18 or older to debate important laws.
- In Athens only men who had an __________________________ mother and father could be citizens.
Section 2: RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY, AND THE ARTS
- I. The Golden Age of Athens
- The Golden Age of Athens lasted from ____________________________. During this period, __________________________ and the _______________________ flourished in Athens, and _____________________________________ reached its high point.
- During the Golden Age, Athens grew rich from __________________________ and from __________________________________ mined by slaves. Athens also collected a ______________________________ from both its allies and conquered peoples.
- For about thirty years during Athens’ Golden Age, ____________________________________ (c. 495-429 B.C.) was the most powerful man in Athenian politics.
- ______________________________ was a member of an aristocratic family, but he supported _________________________. He introduced reforms that strengthened democracy such as requiring the city to pay a _____________________________ to its officials. This allowed __________________________________________________________________________.
- II. Religious Beliefs in Ancient Greece
- Greeks worshiped a family of gods and goddesses called the ___________________________
________________________________________. Each ruled a different area of human life and the natural world.
- The Greeks took care in honoring their gods. They expressed their ______________________ to them and asked for __________________________________________. They also tried to avoid ________________________________________.
- Zeus was the king of the gods and goddesses, ruler of the _____________________________, and __________________________________________________________.
- Hera was wife and queen to Zeus and the goddess of __________________________________.
- Apollo was the son of Zeus and the god of ___________________________________________.
- Athena was the wise daughter of ____________________________ and the goddess of ______________________. She was also the _____________ goddess who defended her cities.
- Poseidon was Zeus’ brother, the god of the ___________________, of ___________________, ___________________________________________, and ___________________.
- Wherever they lived, the Greeks built ___________________________ to the gods.
- Although the Greeks worshiped all their gods, each city-state honored ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
- To honor Zeus, the city-states came together every four years for an ______________________ and ________________________________________________ .
- Oracles were sacred sites where a god or goddess was consulted for ______________________ or asked to provide a _______________________________________________. Sometimes the advice came through ________________________ or was given in the form of a ___________________________ delivered by a priest or priestess believed to be able to hear the _____________________________________________________.
- Most Greeks believed that their gods were the source of all _____________________________, but about 150 years before the Golden Age of Athens, some people thought about other ways besides ____________________________________ to understand the world.
- Philosophers believed that people could use the powers of the ______________________ and _________________________________ to ___________________________________.
- Thales, one of the first philosophers, believed that _____________________________________ _______________________________of the world.
- Democritus, who lived in the 400’s B.C., thought everything was made of ___________________ __________________________________called ______________________________.
- Beginning in the 600’s B.C., writers and traveling teachers called _________________________, gained popularity.
- They were skilled speakers who cleverly debated topics in public, but many feared they were more interested in __________________________ than seeking the______________________.
- During the Golden Age, the ideas of three men ______________________________, ______________________, and __________________________ had a lasting effect on modern learning and thinking.
- Using the marketplace as his classroom, ____________________________ eagerly discussed ______________________________ and ___________________________ with the people of Athens and asked questions that challenged their beliefs. His questions often _____________________ and ______________________ many Athenians.
- In 399 B.C. ___________________________ was brought to trial and accused of _____________ _________________________and ________________________________. He was sentenced to _____________________.
- Much of what is known about Socrates comes from the writings of ____________________, one of his ______________________________.
- Socrates’ death caused Plato to mistrust ______________________________. In ______________________________, Plato wrote that society should be made up of three groups: __________________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________________.
- III. Visual and Dramatic Arts
- The Greeks used visual arts, such as __________________________________ and ______________________________, to glorify and honor their gods.
- The Greeks are also known as the first ___________________________________ because they wrote the first plays.
- The Acropolis, the ___________________________ center of Athens, was __________________ in 480 B.C. during one of the city’s many wars.
- Pericles decided to rebuild the Acropolis and create new buildings to _____________________
____________________________________.
- The builders of the new Acropolis brought Greek ___________________________________ to its ___________________________________.
- Their most magnificent work was the __________________________, a temple to the goddess _____________________________________.
- Greek architects based the design of the Parthenon and other buildings on a figure called the _______________________________________. A _____________________________________ is one in which the long sides are about _______________ and ___________________________ times the length of the short sides.
- Athenians were the first people to write ________________________.
- Some of the most famous Greek dramas were ______________________________.
- Between scenes in the play, a __________________________ chanted or sang ___________________. The __________________________ was used to give background information, to _________________ on events, or to _______________________ the gods.
- ___________________________ and _____________________ were important authors of tragedy.
- During the 400’s B.C., writers wrote ________________________ that made fun of well-known citizens and politicians and also made jokes about the _________________________ of the day.
- __________________________________ is probably the best-known Greek comic playwright.
Section 3: DAILY LIFE IN ATHENS
- I. Life in Public
- All Greek cities had agoras or ______________________ and ___________________________.
- Just as the Acropolis was the center of Athens religious life, the Agora was the center of its _______________________________________.
- In the Agora, men talked of ____________________ and _________________________ or just gossiped.
- The streets were lined with ___________________ and farmers and artisans sold their wares from stands set up under __________________________________.
- Just about any ___________________________ an Athenian would want could be found in the Agora and sheep’s wool, _______________________, _________________________, ________________, and ____________________________________ were sold as well.
- __________________________ and __________________________________ lined the agora.
- II. At Home in Athens
- The grand public buildings of Athens contrasted with the ___________________________ of people’s houses, even during the __________________________________.
- Throughout Greece, private homes were _____________________________. Most were made of ___________________________ with rooms set around an open ______________________ hidden from the street.
- The _________________________________ was the center of the household.
- The ancient Greeks ate ___________________________. Most Athenians ate little __________ because there was _______________________________________ or extra money to raise ____________________. Even wealthy families ate ___________________ only during religious ______________________________________.
- ____________________________ was where most Athenian women spent their days. They had almost none of the _______________________ that their husbands, sons, and fathers probably took for granted.
- They could not take any part in _____________________. Nor could they _________________.
- They could not own ___________________________. One of the very few official roles allowed them was to be a ____________________________ in religious ceremonies.
- Running the ______________________ and ____________________ was the job of women.
- They organized the ______________________ and ________________________, looked after supplies of ______________________ and wine, and cared for __________________________.
- Women also kept track of the family _________________________________. If a family owned ______________________, they were the woman’s responsibility as well.
- Historians estimate that as many as __________________ slaves may have lived in Athens. That is almost _______________________________ of the population at that time.
- Many free people were _____________________________ when they were captured by armies during _____________________ or by _________________________ while traveling on ships.
- Enslaved people did many kinds of work. Some provided labor on _____________________. Others dug _________________ and other _____________________ in the mines. Still others assisted ______________________ by making ________________________, constructing buildings, or __________________________ and _________________________.
- Some slaves were able to _____________________________________, but many were not.
- The hard work of slaves meant that the free citizens of Athens could afford to pursue ________, ________________________________, and ______________________________.
Section 4: SPARTA AND ATHENS
- I. Living in Sparta
- Life in Sparta was ___________________. The Spartans themselves were ________________, _________________, and ___________________.
- The Spartan army easily ____________________ Athens in the 400’s B.C. However, Sparta never came close to _________________________ Athens’ other ____________________________.
- In its early days, Sparta seemed to be ____________________ to other Greek cities. Then in the 600’s B.C., wars inside and outside the city led to changes in ___________________________ and the ______________________________________________________.
- The changes turned Sparta into a __________________________________________________.
- The city had made one basic rule: Always ____________________________________________.
- Early in its history the Spartans ______________________________________ around their city.
- The conquered people turned into _____________________ or __________________ of Sparta.
- ___________________________ did all the ________________________ on the land owned by Spartan citizens, freeing the Spartans to _______________________________.
- However, the helots far outnumbered the Spartans. Living in fear of a _____________________
______________________, the Spartans turned their city into a _________________________.
- The life of every Spartan was in the _________________________________________________ from an early age.
- Community leaders examined each ________________________________. Those thought to be too _____________________ would be ________________________________.
- ____________________________________ began early for boys. At _____________________, a Spartan boy left is home to live in the _____________________________________ with other boys. His training continued for the next __________________________________.
- By the age of 12, a boy had spent long hours practicing with _________________________ and __________________. He had only one _______________ and a thin _______________ to sleep on.
- He could hardly live on the ___________________________ he was given, so he was urged to __________________.
- The Spartans believed that _______________________________ would help him learn how to live off _________________________________________________________________.
- However, if the boy was caught, he was severely ___________________________________.
- Boys were expected to bear _________________________, _____________________________, and ____________________________ in silence.
- Girls also trained and competed in _____________________________ and _________________ throwing. Girls didn’t become ____________________________ but Spartans believed that girls who grew up strong and healthy would have _________________________________________.
- Spartan women had somewhat more ___________________________________ than women in other Greek city-states. They were allowed to ________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
- Spartan life lacked the ___________________________ and _______________________ found in Athens and some other Greek cities.
- II. The Persians Invade
- Much of Greek history tells of wars they fought among themselves. But near the beginning of the 400’s B.C., a new threat loomed: ______________________________________________.
- By about the mid-500’s B.C., _________________________________________ had founded the ___________________________.
- _______________________________ and later rulers then extended the original empire.
- By 520 B.C., the ______________________ had gained control of the Greek ________________ on the west coast of ___________________________________________.
- In the fall of 490 B.C., a huge force of thousands of ______________________ landed in Greece itself at a place called ___________________________, about _____________________________ of Athens.
- The Athenians hastily put together a small army but the _____________________________ outnumbered them by at least ____________________________________.
- After several tense days, the Athenians rushed the ___________________________ who were overwhelmed _______________________________________________________.
- Within a short time, this tiny state had ______________________________________________
________________________________________________.
- More battles with ___________________________________ followed. The briefly united Greek city-states _______________________________________________________________.
- III. Conflict and the Athenian Empire
- After the Persians were finally defeated, the influence of ____________________ spread over much of ______________________________________________.
- Athens became partners with other city-states and worked to strengthen __________________ __________________________________within them.
- Over time, these cities became more like _________________________________________.
Section 5: THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE
- I. Introduction
- Macedonia lay just __________________________________________________________.
- Alexander thought of himself as a ___________________ and spoke the _________________ language. But the people who lived to the south in such cities as Athens and Sparta did not accept the ______________________________________ as ___________________________.
- They thought the Macedonians were _______________________________ or wild, ______________________________.
- Alexander’s tutor was _________________________________ but his role model was ________________________________, the mythical war hero of the __________________.
- II. Alexander’s Empire
- Before King _____________________, Alexander’s father, seized power in _____________ B.C., Macedonia was __________________ and __________________________.
- Philip united ______________________________________________ and built an even stronger ______________________ than _______________________.
- With such an army and his talent for waging war, Philip _________________________________
____________________________________ after another.
- Philip planned to attack _______________________, but in _____________ B.C. he was ____________________________ before he could carry out his plan.
- At the age of _______________, Alexander became _______________.
- One of Alexander’s first actions was to ______________________________________________.
- Within eleven years, the Macedonian king had _________________________ an extensive area including __________________, ___________________, and lands beyond the Indus River to the ___________________________.
- Wherever Alexander went, he established __________________________, many of which he __________________________________________________________________.
- Alexander never _____________________________________.
- After many years of travel and fighting, Alexander’s army was __________________________.
- Not far beyond the _______________________, his troops became so ____________________ that they refused to continue ___________________________________.
- Alexander was ______________________, but he turned _____________________.
- He got as far as ____________________, where he caught a ________________________. On June 13, _________________ B.C., only ________________________ years after he came to the throne, Alexander _____________________________.
- III. The Hellenistic Age
- With Alexander’s death, his empire began to __________________________.
- Within 50 years, the empire had broken into _________________________________________.
- Each kingdom ____________________ by a _________________________ that had descended from one of Alexander’s ____________________________________________.
- Although the empire broke apart, _______________________________ remained alive and well in the _________________________________________________________________________.
- Hellenistic comes from the word _________________- the name the Greeks gave their land.
- _______________________ comes from Hellen, one of the sons of Deucalion and Pyrrah.
- When Alexander took control of lands, he tried not to ________________________________
_________________________ of the defeated people.
- He hoped that in his new cities, the _______________________________ would mix with ________________________________________________.
- Instead, _______________________ culture became the strongest _______________________ in the _______________________________________________________.
- The cities of the Hellenistic world were modeled after __________________________________. Greek kings ____________________, and Greeks held the ______________________________.
- There were Greek ______________________________ and _____________________________.
- Citizens gathered at large _________________________________ for performances of old Greek ________________________________.
- The Greek language was _____________________________________, although people in the country spoke the __________________________________________.
- The greatest of all Hellenistic cities was _____________________________________________, founded by Alexander in __________________ B.C.
- ________________________ became the capital of _________________ and it grew famous as a center for _________________________ and _______________________.
- Its double ________________ was dominated by a huge ________________________________ that rose about _______________________________________________________.
- Alexandria was also the _________________________________________ of the Greek world.
- It had the largest ______________________________________ in the world, and _______________________ came from many lands to use its massive collection.
- _________________________ and _______________________ also flourished in Alexandria.
- Around 300 B.C., a mathematician named __________________________ helped extend the branch of mathematics called ______________________________.
- _____________________________ work helped explain the qualities of such figures as squares, angles, _____________________, __________________________, and ___________________.
- Mathematicians today still use ____________________________________________________.
- Greek scientists made important contributions to ___________________________________.
- In about 250 B.C., the Greek scientist ________________________________________________ concluded that earth _____________________________________. At the time, however, most scientists believed ________________________ to be the center of the ___________________.
- In Hellenistic times, many scholars knew that earth was ________________. A scholar named ____________________________ calculated the ___________________________ around the earth. His answer, 24,662, was very close to modern measurements.
- Probably the greatest scholar of the Hellenistic Age was _______________________ who studied in Alexandria.
- Archimedes discovered that people can use ___________________________________ and ______________________________ to lift very ______________________________ objects.
- One story claims that Archimedes hoisted __________________________________________ with these devices.