The Official

United States History

Cram Packet

By Renata Melamud

1999

· 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain

· 1497: John Cabot lands in North America.

· 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain.

· 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast.

· 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley.

· 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States.

· 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida.

· 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California.

· 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony

· 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold

- Headright System – lad for population – people spread out

· 1608: French establish colony at Quebec.

· 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North AMerica.

· 1614: Tabacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe

· 1619: First African slaves brought to British America.

· Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses

· 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded.

- Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority

· 1624 – New York founded by Dutch

· 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill”

- Gov. Winthrop

- Bi-cameral legislature, schools

· 1630: The Puritan Migration

· 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship

· 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony

· 1635: Connecticut founded

· 1636: Rhode Island is founded – by Roger Williams

· Harvard College is founded

· 1638 – Delaware founded – 1^st church, 1^st school

· 1649 – Maryland Toleration Act – for Christains – latter repealed

· 1650-1696: The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament.

- limited trade, put tax on items

· 1660 – Half Way Covenant – get people back into church – erosion of Puritanism

· 1670: Charles II grants charter for Carolina colonies – Restoration Colony

· 1672: Blue Laws: Connecticut – death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible

· 1676: Bacons Rebellion – Virginia – Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley – put down

- first uprising against British

· 1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. – Quaker – 1^st library – center of thought

North

Set up laws / codes

Brought families

Less land = closeness

Social and economic mobility

Puritan work ethic

Better relations with Indians

South

Dependent on crop – kills land

Less urbanized

Poorer communication, transportation

Indian problems

Slower defense

· 1686: Dominion of New England – royal Gov. Andros – attempt to unify Northern colonies to curb independence –

- Suspended liberties – town meetings

- Failed – Andros left

· 1689-1713: King William's War (The War of the League of Augsburg).

· 1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials.

· 1696: Parliamentary Act.

· 1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing.

· 1700’s – Enlightenment – reason, natural rights, diesm (god made universe but doesn’t control it)

- John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau

Colony Characteristics

Bi-cameral legislature White, male, landowners vote

Town meetings No British Troops

Mobocracy to oppose authority Legislature – governor is puppet

Courts / law Small, Balanced, Elected

No standing armies

· 1702-1713: Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession).

1720 – 1740: Great Awakening – George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens – threatning

- salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit

· 1733: Georgia Colony is founded. – buffer state

· Molasses Act – import tax on molasses, sugar, rum –

to curb trade with French West Indies – not strictly enforced

· 1735: Zenger Trial – victory for freedom of the press – truth is not libel

· 1740-1748: King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession).

· 1754-1763: The French and Indian War

- Over Ohio River Valley – trade / settlement

- French build forts – Fort Duquesne – and are friendly with the Indians

- English Gov. Dunwittie has stock in Ohio Land Company – sends George Washington to expel the French

- British declare war

· 1754 – Albany Plan of Union - for defense – fails and shows disunity of colonies

Colonies Reject

Taxation by colony, crown, and colonial gov.

Southern stated don’t want to participate in

Northern wars

Representation based on hom much money each

colony gives

British should be responsible for protection

President not elected

Crown’s Rejection

Colonies make own laws

Colonies have own protection

Colonies have right to declare war

· 1761 – writs of assistance – search warrents to enforce Navigation acts – James Otis opposes

· 1763: Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War - French loose all territory

· Paxton Boys Rebellion – dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA

Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians

· Pontiac’s Rebellion – tribes organize against British movement

· SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS

· 1764: The Sugar – to raise revenue – England in debt

- cut Molasses Act in half

- objection – 1^st direct tax – “No taxation without representation”

· Currency Acts – prevents printing of colonial money

· 1765: The Stamp Act – tax on printed materials to “keep troops in colonies”

- colonists don’t want standing army

- Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation

· Stamp Act Congress – Protests Stamp Act

- We buy only from England, and deserve equal privileges

· 1766: Quartering Act – colonies must support troops

· 1767: The Townshend Acts – tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea

- colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter

- Governor of Mass suspends legislature

· 1770: The Boston Massacre.

· Golden Hill Massacre in NY

· 1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence.

· Gaspee Incident – British ship burned – attempted to collect taxes

· 1773: The Tea Act - reduces price to tea – gives England a monopoly

· Boston Tea Party – dump tea into sea

· 1774: The Intolerable Acts – to punish Boston

· Boston Port Act – closes ports

· Massachusetts Government Act – no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act

· Quebec Act – Quebec added to Ohio River Valley

- Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don’t have trial by jury, no election

· The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia

First Continental Congress

Moderate – don’t want to split from England

Demand rights of Englishmen

Joseph Galloway – Plan of Union – council with delegates from colonies, president by Crown – rejected

Declaration of Rights and Resolves – reject Intolerable Acts, ultimatum – no trade

Establish Continental Association to enforce

· 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord

· The Second Continental Congress convenes.

Second Continental Congress

More radical

Issued “Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms”

Appoint George Washington as commander

Olive Branch Petition – last attempt to reconcile- rejected

· 1776: R.H. Lee’s Resolution – “should be independent states”

For Independence

Military advantages

Loss of natural rights

trial by jury, taxation without representation,

quartering, charters, no assembly

Limited currency

Fighting for home rule

British government impractical

Best time to unite

Against Independence

No military

Laws were broken – we are being punished

Democracy hasn’t worked before

No certain foreign support

Consequences of losing

Not unified

Taxation for protection

· 1776: American Declaration of Independence

· Thomas Paine's Common Sense

· Battles of Long Island and Trenton

· 1777: Battle of Saratoga – turning point in Revolution

· Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation - Dickinson

Articles of Confederation

Independent, free, sovereign states Union for defense

Have same duties and restrictions Delegates appointed annually

Each state one vote Freedom of speech and debate

Individual states can’t enter into alliances Can’t wage war without consent

with foreign states Money in treasury depends on value of land

Can’t enter alliance or hold treaties without Can’t control trade

consent of congress

· Vermont ends slavery.

· 1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France – sends navy and army

· 1779: Spain declares war on England.

· 1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses

· 1783: Treaty of Peace is signed – violated – Articles of Confederation weak

Independence recognized

- Granted fishing rights

- Loyalist restitution of property

- Britain withdraws from forts (Not really)

- Free Navigation of Mississippi

· 1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. – government responsible

over territory

· Treaty of Hopewell - ends hostilities with Cherokee

· 1786: Shay's Rebellion – depression, no market, no hard

currency, farmers poor

- want Mass. Government to print more money

- rebellion put down by donations – Articles of Confederation fails- no army

· Annapolis Convention – agreement between states - fails

· 1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. – to revise Articles .

Constitution

I. House of Representatives – sole power to impeach, bill for revenue

Senate – try impeachments

Congress – tax, excese, duties, commerce regulation, declare war, raise army

II. Executive – commander, make treaties with consent, appoint judges

III. Supreme Court – original jurisdication

IV. Protection against invasion, domestic and foreign

V. 2/3 of both houses to amend constitution

· Great Compromise – bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House)

· 3/5 Compromise

· No importation of slaves after 1808

· James Madison develops principles for the US Constitution

1789

1796

Northwest Ordinance – prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status

· 1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President.

· Judiciary Act – establish courts beneath Supreme Court

· French Revolution – don’t help France

· 1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified

Bill of Rights

I. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly

II. Right to keep and bear arms

III. No quartering without consent

IV. Against search and seizure

V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of life, liberty, or property

VI. Right to speedy trial

VII. Guaranteed trial by jury

VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment

IX. Rights not confined to what is written

X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states

· First Bank of the United States is established

· Hamilton’s Program – debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain

Hamilton

People checked by elite

Strong central government

National debt

British government is model

Executive in for life

Weak state government

Jefferson

Government run by people

Central government too oppressive and expensive

British government corrupt

Executive not perpetual

Against standing army

· 1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin.

· 1794: The Whiskey Rebellion – poor farmers don’t want to pay excise tax – Wash. uses troops to put down

· 1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain – US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed .

during peace time – Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia

· Pinckney’s Treaty – with Spain – free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans.

· 1796: Washington's Farewell Address – strong central government and foreign neutrality

1796

1800

1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP

· XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands – no money, no war

· 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts – illegal to publish anything against government or president

· 1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional – anti-Alien and Sedition Acts

· 1799: Fries Uprising – oppose federal tax on property – put down

· Logan Act – citizen can’t represent government - George Logan attempts to negotiate with France

· 1800: Convention of 1800 – Hamilton negotiate with France, we pay to Am. attacked by France

1800

1808

Thomas Jefferson elected – government changes to Democratic-Republican

· 1803: Louisiana Purchase – Federalists oppose – establish loose construction of the Constitution

· Marbury vs. Madison - Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution

· 1804: New Jersey ends slavery.

· 12^th Amendment – separate ballots for President and Vice President

· Essex Junto – Federalist organization in New England attempts to seceed

· 1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition.

· 1805: Tipoli war ends – defeat of Barbary pirates

· 1807: Robert Fulton builds his first steamboat.

· US ship Leopard sunk by Br. for refusal to be searched

· Embargo Act – stop exports – no war, no impressment – Federalist object to cut off trade

1808

1816

1808: African Slave Trade ends.

· 1809: Nonintercourse Act – resumes trade with all but France and Britain

· 1810: Fletcher vs. Pack - action of state can be declared unconstitutional

· 1811: Charter for Bank of U.S. rejected

· Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense

· 1812-1814: The War of 1812 – to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism

- War Hawks – want Canada to join

- Federalist against war

· 1814: Treaty of Ghent – ends war with a status-quo

· Era of Good Feelings begins

· Hartford Convention – Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison

· 1816: 2^nd Bank of U.S. created

· 1^st protective tariff

· American Colonization Society founded – to relocate free blacks to Liberia

· Election of Madison (Rep) vs. King (Fed)

· Henry Clay’s American System – federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff

· 1817 – Veto of Bonus Bill by Madison – Bonus bill for domestic improvements

· Rush- Bagot Disarmament – between US and Br. – to get fishing rights

· 1818: Convention of 1818 – enforcement of fishing rights – N. Louisiana boundary at 49 parallel

1816

1824

1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain – Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat

· Panic of 1817 – land speculation, banks can’t pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs

· McCulloch vs. Maryland – Enforced constitutionality of 2^nd Bank of US and “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

· Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- Broad interpretation of contract

· 1820: Missouri Compromise – Main admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north

Missouri

· Land Act – reduce price of land – encourage development

· 1822: Cumberland Road Bill – to build road – Monroe vetoes

· 1823: Monroe Doctrine declared – No future colonization of this hemisphere

· Treaty with Russia – get everything under 54 parallel

1824

1828

1824: Election John Quincy Adams (Rep) defeats Andrew Jackson (Rep), Clay (Rep)

- Jacksons “Corrupt Bargain”

· Gibbons vs. Ogden – interstate trade controlled by fed. courts

· 1825: The Erie Canal is opened.

· 1826: Panama Conference (PAN American) - Congress doesn’t send ambassador to avoid slavery issue

· 1828: Tariff of Abominations – protective – South opposes

· South Carolina Exposition and Protest – by Calhoun –

reaffirms right of state to nullify

· Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executive

power, internal improvements, lower debt

1828

1836

1828: Removes appointies – trusts friends – “kitchen cabinet”

· 1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto – only within Kentucky

· Webster (nationalist) – Hayne (states rights) Debates – began over Tariff of Abominations

Historiography

Parton – Jackson wanted to dominate

Turner – Jackson triumph of democracy and representation of people – universal manhood suffrage and two party system

Hammond – Jackson contributes to panic 0f37 by dismanteling bank

Temin – panic and depression inevitable – caused by bank

1830s: The Second Great Awakening.

· 1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operation.

· 1831: The Liberator begins publication. – abolitionist become vocal

· Nat Turner Rebellion

· Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper.

· 1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.

· 1832 – Tariff of 1832 – raises tariffs again – Calhoun resigns

· Force Bill – allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff

· Ordinance of Nullification – South Carolina nullifies tariff –

Clay negociates and reduces tariff

· Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter

· Department of Indian affairs established

· Seminole War with Indians begins

· Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia – Federal government has control, not Georgia

· Agreement with Britain to open West Indies ports

· 1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order – thinks bank is unconstitutional

· 1835-1836: Texas War for Independence – “Lone Star Republic”

· 1836: The Gag Rule

1836

1840

Specie Circular – western land must be paid by hard currency

· Election of 1836 – Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat)

· 1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas.

· Oberlin College enrolls its first women students.

· Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge- only strict interpretation of contract

· Panic of 1837 – in part due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from Bank of U.S.

- Van Buren does nothing

· 1938 – 1839: Aroostook “War” – bloodless – boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick

· 1840: Independent Treasury System – constructs vaults to hold federal money

· Election of 1840 – Harrison (Whig) defeats Van Buren

- Harrison catches pneumonia and dies, VP John Tyler becomes president

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1840

1844

Democrats

Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Benton

“Republicans”

Against monopolies and privilege

Decrease tariff

For state rights

Whigs

Clay, Webster, John Quincy Adams, Harrison

“Federalists”

For national power; Bank of US

Increase in tariffs

Internal Improvements

· 1841: Independent Treasury Act Repealed

· Tyler vetoes re-charter of Bank of U.S.

· Preemption Bill – to distribute money from sale of western lands to states – bill defeated

· 1842: Tariff Bill – raised tariffs back to 1832 status

· Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island – rebellion against land qualifications for voting – Tyler puts down

· 1839: Webster – Ashburton Treaty – ends boundary dispute

· 1843: Oregon Trail - migration

1844

1848

1844: Election of 1844 –Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty – anti-slavery)

· 1845: Taxes annexation Bill – by Tyler – permits admission of Texas and Florida

· Annexation of Texas

· 1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine.

· 1846-1848: Mexican-American War- Gen. Taylor provokes Mexicans by moving into disputed

Rio-Grande / Neuces River

- Three part plan to take over Mexico – decide against

· Slidell Mission –Slidell sent to negotiate – rejected by Mexico

· 1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto – no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land – rejected

· 54” 40’ or Fight – Get Oregon below 49^th parallel

· Reestablish Independent Treasury System – vaults

· Walker Tariff Bill – lowered tariff

· 1847 – Polk Doctrine – resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union

· Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel

· 1848: Trist Mission – Trists negotiates Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

- Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming

· Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California.

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1848

1852

Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY – headed by Mott and Stanton

· Election of 1848 – Taylor (Whig) defeats Cass (Dem. – father of pop. sovereignty) and

Van Buren(Free-Soil – abolitionists) – Taylor dies (1850) – Milard Fillmore VP

· 1850: Clay’s Compromise of 1850 – passes as separate acts during Fillmore – but violated

- California free state

- Other areas – popular sovereignty

- US takes Texas debts

- Slave trade banned in Washington

- Fugitive Slave Law strengthened

· Clayton – Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality of a canal in Central America

· 1852: Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to US trade.

1852

1856

Election of 1852: Pierce (Dem) defeats Scott (Whig)

· 1853: Gadsden Purchase – buy land from Mexico to build RR

· Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Stowe

· 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west – slavery in states

determined by popular sovereignty – North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise

· New England Emigrant Aid Society – into Kensas / Nebraska territory

· 1854-1859 – Bleeding Kansas – Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov.

· Ostend Manifesto – by Buchanan to take Cuba – rejected

· Walker expedition – Walker raises army, takes Nicaragua, Pierce recognizes new government

· 1856: Lawrence Mob Violency: abolitionist materials burned

· Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people

1856

1860

Election of 1856: Buchanan (Dem) defeats Fremont (Rep –Free Soil) and Fillmore (Know Nothings)

· 1857: The Dred Scott decision.

- slaves are property to be taken anywhere – allows for slavery in North

- Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

· LeCompton Constitution rejected

· Panic of 1857 – depression – Buchanan does nothing

· 1858 – Lincoln – Douglas Debates – on extension of slavery into new territories

· Free Port Doctrine – Dred Scott decision has to be enforced – if not popular sovereignty rules

· “A House Divided” against itself can’t stand – Lincoln’s speech

· 1859 – John Brown’s Raid – Harpers Ferry to free slaves

· 1860: Crittenden Compromise – last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36’ 30 line - fails

· 1860: Election of 1850 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats Douglas (Dem)

- Lincoln not abolitionst

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1860

1865

For Seccession

North violates rights – doesn’t enforce fugitive laws

History – right to abolish a destructive government

Money from treasury goes for Northern interests

Government for the north

Gov. taking away property

No majority – rights taken away

Against Seccession

Not truly free and independent state

Agreed to follow majority

Gave up rights to join union

“form a more perfect union”

Contract among people not states

1860-1865: The Civil War

· 1860: South Carolina secedes.

· Beginning of Industrial Revolution – “Guilded Age”

· 1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter – Beauregard (S)

fires first shot

· “Necessity Knows no Law” – Lincoln increases army,

navy, 1^st income tax, green backs, no freedom

of press or speech, Villandigham (Copperhead – Peace Dem) jailed

· Confederacy established – Davis – President; Stephens - VP

Confederate Constitution

No protective tariffs No federal funded improvements

States could impeach federal officers States supreme

Slavery protected 2/3 of house to appropriate money (Problem)

· 1861 – Kansas admitted as a free state

Ex Parte Marryman – Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and

passes martial law in Maryland – Taney says only Congress can

Suspend habeas corpus

· Bull Run – South wins – Civil War becomes long

· 1862: Pacific RR Act – partially fed. funded – gave land for RR

· Homestead Act – 1862 – gov. land grants for agricultural college

· 1863: Battle at Antietam

· Banking Acts (1863, 1864) – establish federally charted banks

· Draft Riot - NY

· The Emancipation Proclamation.

· Battle of Gettysburg – turning point

· Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan." – lenient plan –

must plan allegiance to US

· 1864: Election of 1864 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats McClellan (Dem)

· Wade – Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery

· Wade - Davis Manifesto: Congress controls Reconstruction

Pullman Car and Refrigerated Car invented

· Sand Creek Massacre – Chivington attacks defenseless Indian village

1865: Civil War Ends – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA

· 1865: Freedman's Bureau is established – education and food

· Lincoln is assassinated – Andrew Johnson becomes president

· Johnson’s amnesty plan – pardons almost all Confederates

· Thirteenth Amendment – abolishes slavery

1865

1868

1866: Ex Parte Milligan – Military courts can’t try civilians when civil courts are open

· Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto – gave blacks equal rights

· National Labor Union formed – short lived – attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives)

· Fetterman Massacre – troops killed

· 1867: Alaska Purchased.

· Grange – organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer – Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression

· Reconstruction Acts – divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions

· 1868: Tenure of Office Act – Pres. Can’t remove any appointed official without Senate consent

- declared unconstitutional – Congress can’t take away powers of Pres.

· 14^th Amendment – All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens – equal protection

· Ku Klux Klan begins.

· Washita River – Custer destroys Cheyenne village

1868

1876

Carnegie Steel Company is formed.

· Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem)

· 1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific

· Knights of Labor formed - secret

· 1870: Fifteenth Ammendment is ratified – right to vote can’t be determined by race, color, etc.

· Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14^th and 15^th Amendments

Standard Oil Company is formed.

· 1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal – stock holders of RR construction

company overcharge gov. for job

· Election 1872: Grant re-elected

· 1873: Slaughterhouse Cases – 14^th Am doesn’t place fed gov’t under

obligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies

· 1874: Red River Wars – last attempt to resist reservationis

· Farmers Alliances – anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws

· 1875: Civil Rights Act – gave blacks equal rights

· Pearl Harbor acquired.

· 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. – Custer killed

· U.S. vs. Reese- allows voting qualifications – literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause

· Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1876

1880

Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem)

· 1877: Munn vs. Illinois – If in interest of public good, than states can regulate prices reasonably

· Compromise of 1877 – Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South

· 1878: Hall vs. DeCuir – allowed segregation

· Bland – Allison Act – coined a limited number of silver

· Treaty of 1878 – get rights to Pago- Pago, Samoa

· 1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light.

· Knights of Labor go public – Pres. Powderly – no strike stand – both skilled and unskilled –too diverse

1881

1884

1880’s Dust Bowl begins

· 1880: Election of 1880: Garfield (Rep) defeats Hancock (Dem); Garfield dies – V.P. Chester Arthur

· 1881: Tuskeegee Institute is founded.

· Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor

· 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act

· European Restriction Act

· 1883: Brooklyn Bridge is completed.

Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination

· More Jim Crow laws passed

1884

1888

1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep)

· 1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers – for skilled only (no women/ blacks) – dealt only with labor – used strikes

Historiography

Laurie – labor radical – want gov’t regulation, public ownership

Degler – labor reactionary – preserving against capitalism, had anti-socialistic ideals

Interstate Commerce Act – regulate RR and private businesses

· Haymarket Incident – 1886 – peaceful turned violent

– people think unions are radical

· 1887: Interstate Commerce Commission - forbid long haul / short

haul practices

· American Protective Association – Anti-Catholic

· Dawes Severalty Act – government break up land individually –

break up farms - failed

· 1888: Election of 1888- Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem)

· 1889: Jane Addams founds Hull House

1888

1892

Berlin Conference – US, Britain and Germany agree to joint protection of Samoa – doesn’t work

· 1^st Pan American Conference – trade agreement

· Bering Sea Controversy – over seals

· 1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded.

· The Sherman Antitrust Act. – “Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal”

· 1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South.

· Wounded Knee – Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance – Last Indian war

· Sherman Silver Purchase Act – gov’t buys silver but doesn’t coin – curb inflation

· McKinley Tariff Act – raises tariffs

· 1892: The Homestead Strike –at Carnegie Steel – Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike

· Miners strike - Idaho

General Electric Company formed.

· Populist Omaha Platform – 8hr work day, nationalization of RR,

inflation, coinage of silver, anti-rich capitalist, decrease tariff

· Election of 1892: Cleveland (Rep) defeats Harrison (Dem) and

1892

1896

Weaver (Populist)

· 1893: Depression

· Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed – devalued gold

· 1894: The Pullman strike – Pullman Co. controls prices but

fires workers – Am Railway Union strikes

· Coxey’s Army marches on Wash. for unemployment relief

· 1895: U.S. vs. E. C. Kight Company. – difference between

manufacturing and commerce – manufacturing doesn’t fall under anti – Trust Act

· Pollack vs. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. – income tax is unconstitutional

· In reDebs – strikes are a restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

· Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech – both races must accept and help each other – blacks have to earn rights

· 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal”

1896

1900

Election of 1896: McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem)

· Cross of Gold Speech by Bryan

· 1897: Dingley Tariff – raises tax on duties

· 1898: Spanish American War – because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst)

Maine explodes – “Remember the Maine”

· DeLome Letter – criticizes McKinley

· Williams vs. Miss. Upheld literacy test

· Get Hawaii

· Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets

Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam

1899: Samoa divided between US and Germany

· Teller Amendment – gave Cuba freedom

· Open Door Notes – Hay – agree to territorial integrity of China

· 1900: National Negro Business League founded by Booker T. Washington

· Gold Standard Act – gold standard unit of value

· Progressive Era – cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities

1900

1908

Boxer Rebellion – Chinese nationalist rebel – foreign nations unite to put down rebellion

· 1901: US Steel Corporation formed.

· Platt Amendment – gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties

· Insular Cases – Constitution does not follow the flag

· 1902 – Coal Strike

· 1903: Department of Commerce and Labor created

· Hay-Herran Treaty – for Panama canal – rejected by Columbia

· Hay – Buena Varilla Treaty – gives US land in Panama

· Elkins Act – dealt with RR rebates – part of “Square Deal”

· 1904: Panama Canal Zone acquired.

· The National Child Labor Committee is formed.

· Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine – made US a police force

- Take over Dominican customs duty

- Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany

· 1905: Industrial Workers of the World is formed.

· 1906: Upton Sinclair writes The Jungle – meat packing reform – resulted in Meat Inspection Act

· Gentleman’s Agreement – Japanese can return to school – if Japan limits immigration

· T. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth of Russo-Japanese War – receives Nobel Peace Prize

· Hepburn Act - strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission

· Pure Food and Drug Act - Established Food and Drug Administration

· 1907: Drago Doctrine – Invest in Latin America at own risk

· Bank Panic

1908

1912

1908: Muller vs. Oregon – limited number of hours for women

· Root-Takahira Agreement – Japan will honor Open Door Notes

· 1909: NAACP is founded.

· Taft begins implementation of Dollar Diplomacy (Haiti, Nicaragua)

· Payne-Aldrich Tariff – lowered tariffs

· Ballinger - Pinchot Controversy – Ballinger, Sec. of Interior, dismissed – charged with not following nation;s conservation policy

· 1911: Standard Oil Co. vs. US – court determines what’s a reasonable trust – Standard Oil Co. broken up

1912

1920

1913: The Sixteenth Amendment – authorized income taxes

· The Seventeenth Amendment – direct popular election of Senate

· Underwood Tariff – lowered duties

· Federal Reserve Act – created federal reserve system

· 1914: The Federal Trade Commission is established.

· The Clayton Antitrust Act – amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act – strengthed anti-monopolistic reform

· Federal Trade Bill.

· United States invades Veracruz in Mexico – US soldiers arrested

· 1915: The USS Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine

· troops sent to Haiti

· 1916: Adamson Act – allowed government to take over RR - administered by McAdoo

· troops sent to Dominican Republic

· War Industries Board – coordinate production and mobilize – headed by Beruch

· Food Administration – headed by Hoover

1912

1920

Leiver Act – set prices for agricultural products

· Fuel Administration – headed by Garfield – control fuel prices

· 1917: US enters WWI

· Great Migration – blacks move from South to North – causes race riots – Harlem Renaissance – Garvey back to Africa movement

· Creel Committee: Public Info. – spread propaganda – formed Liberty Leagues

For War

Submarine warfare

Destroying trade

Violating rights

Espionage and sabotage

Zimmerman Note

Keep balance of power

Make world safe for democracy

Against War

“He Kept Us Out of War”

Only benefit the wealthy

British violated our rights too

Germany tried to avoid Lousitania

Propaganda

· 1918: National War Labor Board – Under Taft – prevented strikes

· Armistice Day

· Treaty of Versailles – Germany accepts full blame, demilitarize Rhineland, Ger. Looses all colonies

· 1918: Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Important Points

Open covenants Freedom of seas and trade

Disarmament Rebuilding of Belgium

Form Poland *League of Nations

· Espionage and Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, can’t interfere with draft

1919: The Palmer Raids.

· Shenck vs. US – “clear and present danger” –

open opposition to war will undermine war effort

· Abrahms vs.US – upheld Sedition Act

· American Protective League – pro-war activists,

prosecuted and censored

· Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations

- Ireconcilables – Borah – disagree with Article X = involvement in foreign affairs

Reservationist – Lodge – accept treaty if Article X is clarified – only Congress can commit troops

· Eighteenth Amendment is ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages.

· Race riots - Chicago

· Volstead Act – enforced 18^th Amendment

· 1920: Nineteenth Amendment grants Womens Sufferage.

· Women vote 1^st time

· KDKA – 1^st radio station

1920

1923

Sinclair Lewis writes Main Street

· First Commercial radio broadcast.

· 1921: Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League.

· Revenue Act – decreases taxes

· Washington Disarmament Conference – limit naval arms

· Post War Depression

· Immigration Act – restricts immigration

· 1922: Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit

· Fordney McCumber Tariff – high increase in duties

· 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal – Sec. of Interior Fall sells oil reserves to private industry

· Harding dies

1924: McNary – Haugen Bill – vetoed – help farmers by buying surplus

· Dawes Plan – helped Germany with reparation – provided loan

1923

1928

Peak of KKK

· 1925: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial.

· Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald

· The New Negro by Locke

· 1926: Weary Blues by Hughes

· 1927: Charles Lindbergh flies from New York to Paris solo.

· Immigration Law

· Sacoo and Vanzitte executed

· “The Jazz Singer” – 1^st talkie

1928

1932

1929: Kellog – Briand Pact: Peace alliance

· The Great Stock Market crash

Causes of Crash

Durable goods Profits increase; wages stay same

Easy credit Federal Reserve does nothing

Overproduction Speculation and margin buying

Debt

· Agricultural Market Act – establish Federal Farm Board – assistance to farmers

· Tax Cut

· Young Plan – reduced reparation payments, no longer involved in German economy

· 1930: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff – high protective tariff

· London Naval Treaty – decrease number of ships

· 1931: Japan invades Manchuria

· 1932: Stimpson Doctrine

· Federal Home Loan Bank Act – assist with morgages

· Public Works Project

· The Reconstruction Finance Corporation – part of trickle down economics – lent money to banks

· Bonus Army – marches on DC to receive veterans bonus – Hoover sends in troops

· Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President.

1932

1945

1933: New Deal begins

· WPA – Works Progress Administration – employed artists, writers, photographers

· CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps

· NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act – sets up NRA – business men make codes for min wages, hr.

· Glass Stegall Banking Act – kept us on gold standard – and created FDIC – against bank runs

· SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – watched market prices

· AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Association – paid farmers not to overproduce

· TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – bring electricity – competes with private industry

· CWA – Civil Works Administration

· NYA – National Youth Administration

· HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corp.

· “Good Neighbor” Policy – Repudiated Roosevelt Corollary

· Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations

· 20^th Amendment –Presidential term starts on Jan. 20

· 1934: NYE Investigation: determines cause of WWI

· Indian Reorganization Act - restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

· Share the Wealth society founded by Huey Long – called for distribution of wealth

· 1935: Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. US – NRA unconstitutional – put legislative power under executive administration

· Wagner Act: set up National Labor Relations Board

· Fair Labor Standard Act – set min. wage and hours

· CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization – labor union for skilled and semi-skilled

· Social Security Acts – provided benefits to old and unemployed

1932

1945

Revenue Act – 1935 – tax the wealthy

· 1^st Neutrality Act – stop selling munitions to belligerents – Am. can’t travel on belligerent ships

· 1936: Butler vs. US - AAA unconstitutional – put taxes on processing

· 2^nd London Conference on disarmament

· 2^nd Neutrality Act – no lending money to belligerent nations

· 1937: 3^rd Neutrality Act: Cash n’ Carry (pay for it and transport it yourself) – doesn’t apply to Latin America and China

· Quarantine Speech – isolate belligerent nations

· Panay Incident- Japanese bomb Am. ship – U.S demands only apologies and reparations

· Japan moves into East China – US does nothing

· 1938: End of New Deal Reforms.

For New Deal

Regulation of federal institutions

Benefits to labor

Help unemployed

Restored confidance

Anti - New Deal

Socialistic program

Unconstitutional

Deficit spending

Gov’t competes with Private industry

Monopolistic

Worthless – creates dependency

· John Steinback’s Grapes of Wrath

· 1940: Selective Service – peace time draft

· Destroyers for Bases Deal

· Smith Act – finger printing of aliens

· 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

· Lend Lease - lend materials for war

· US enters WWII.

· Relocation Camps for Japanese

· 1942: Congress of Racial Equality – prevent segregation and discrimination

· Revenue Act of 1942 - effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII

· 1943: Office of Price Administration – seals prices, rations food

· Detroit race riots - government does nothing

· Casablanca Conference - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies

· Cairo Conference - conference of the Allied leaders to seek Japan's unconditional surrender.

· Tehran Conference - FDR, Stalin, Churchill to discuss strategy against Germany

· 1944: GI Bill - benefits for veterans – money for education, mortgage – creates middle class

· D-Day – July 6, 1944

· 1945: Yalta Conference – Allies meet to decide on final war plans

· Battle of Bulge – Last German offensive

· Okinawa - deadly military campaign on Pacific island

· US joins the United Nations

· Nationwide strikes due to inflation – OPA disbanded

1945

1952

A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

· Germany and Japan surrender ending World War II

· Roosevelt dies – Truman VP

· Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Germany to set up zones

· 1946: Kennan containment – prevent spread of communism

· Employment Act – goal to have full employment

· Atomic Energy Act – establish Atomic Energy Commission – develop better bombs

· President’s commission on Civil Rights – advocate rights

· Philippines get independence

· Churchill's "Iron Curton" speech in response to Russian aggression.

· 1947: The Marshall Plan – economic aid to Europe after WWII

· Taft –Hartley Act – 80 cooling period not to strike – labor leaders must sign Non-Communist oath

Truman Doctrine – financial commitment to nations fighting Communism

· Federal Employee Loyalty Program – anti-communistic oaths

· National Security Act – created CIA

· Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier

· 1948: Election of 1848- Truman defeats Dewey and Thurman(DixiCrat)

· Truman desegregates armed forces

· Berlin Blockade - Berlin Airlift

· OAS – Alliance of North America and South America

Alger Hiss Case – convicted of purgery

· Nuremberg trials

· 1949:NATO formed

· Communistic Victory in China

· Russia’s 1^st A-Bomb

· Department of Defense created

· West and East Germany created

· Fair Deal: most don’t pass; Housing Act (construction increases); minimum wage increases

· Orwell, Ninteen Eighty-Four

· 1950: Korean War begins – enter because of containment

· McCarren Internal Security Act – illegal to contribute to Communism

· McCarthyism – fear of communism wide spread

· National Security Council Memo 68 – beginning of massive defense spending

· 1951: 22^nd Amendment – President can only serve 2 terms or 10 years

· Denis vs. United States- upheld Smith Act under “clear and present danger clause”

· Catcher in the Rye – Salinger

· US – Japanese Treaty – bases in Japan

· ANZUS – Australia, New Zealand, and US ally

· MacArthur fired by Truman – invades China

· 1952: Election of 1952: Eisenhower (Will end war) vs. Stevenson

1952

1960

1953: Rosenbergs executed

· terminate reservations for N.A.

· Armistice in Korea – 38^th parallel

· Shah of Iran returns to power in coup – to keep Iran from going Communistic

· Krushchev in control of Russia

· 1954: Army – McCarthy hearings – brought down Joseph McCarthy

· Brown vs. Board of Education – overturns Plessy vs. Furguson decision

· SEATO – alliance Turkey, US, Iraq, and Iran

· Fall of Dien Bien Phu – French loose in Vietnam

· Geneva Conference – reduction of nuclear weapons, divide Vietnam along 17^th parallel –

elections in a year

· Mao bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower threatens to send troops in and the A-bomb - brinkmanship

· China bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower sends in troops – China backs off

· 1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins – Rosa Parks

· AFL and the CIO merge

· Warsaw Pact: USSR and Eastern European allies unite to counter NATO

· 1956: Election of 1956: Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean “War” and balanced budget

· Suez Crisis – Egyptian President nationalizes canal

· Howl – by Allen Ginsberg – bohemianism – Beat Generation

· Interstate Highway Act - building federal roads; movement into rural area; creation of suburbs

· Hungarian Revolution – rebel against Communism – US doesn’t support

· US puts Diem in power in South Vietnam

· Election 1956: Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again

· 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine – extends to Truman Doctrine to Middle East – help fight Commies

Domino Theory - if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another that one would fall, producing a domino effect.

· Baby Boom peaks

· Civil Rights Act- create permanent civil rights commission – supervise voting

· Little Rock school desegregation

· Russians launch Sputnik – space race

· 1^st nuclear power plant

· On the Road – Jack Kerouac

· 1958: National Defense Education Act- funding to math, science, and language programs

· NASA formed

· 1959: Cuban Revolution –Castro invades

· Labor Reform Act – protect employees

· Alaska and Hawaii admitted as states

· 1960: U-2 incident – US spy plane goes down in USSR – convert operation discovered

1960

1963

Greensboro sit -in

· Civil Rights Act – federal government registers black voters

· Election 1960: Kennedy (Dem) defeats Nixon (Rep) – 1^st TV debate

· National Lieration Front – Viet Cong formed

· 1961: Bay of Pigs: attempt to overthrow Castro – fails

· Trade Embargo on Cuba

· Alliance for Progress - to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs.

· Berlin wall built to stop crossing

· Peace Corps – encouraged US citizens to help third world countries

· Coup regime in Vietnam – Diem assassinated

· Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an Arab majority - oil trade - joined together to protect themselves.

· 1962:Cuban Missle Crisis – USSR sends missiles to Cuba – US removes missiles from Turkey and USSR from Cuba.

· Baker vs. Carr – end of gerrymandering – manipulating voting districts

· Engel v. Vitale - prayer in public schools were banned on violation the First Amendment.

· Silent Spring Rachel Carson – on pollution

· Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty

1963

1968

1963: Kennedy assassinated by Oswald – Johnson becomes President

· Test Ban Treaty – no testing in atmosphere or ocean – US, USSR, Br

· March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. I have a Dream Speech

· The Feminine Mystique , Betty Ferdan

· 1964: 24^th Amendment – outlaws poll tax

· US enters Vietnam War - Tonkin Gulf – 1 bullet fired at US ship causes war:

· Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson can police Vietnam

· War Powers Act – restrained president’s ability to commit troops overseas

· Economic Opportunity Act: Job Core for youth training; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Office of Economic Opportunity – establish Equal Opportunity Laws

· Civil Rights Act: public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.

· Tax reduction

· Great Society- Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress.

· 1965: Medicare and Medicaid – aid to elderly

· Higher Education Act – Federal Scholarships

· Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed -criticized poor construction and design of automobiles

· Watts, Detroit race riots - army sent in

· Voting Rights Act - it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

· 1966: Department of Housing and Urban Development established

· Department of Transportation created

· National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act – promote car safety requirements

· Miranda vs. Arizona –the accused must be read his/her rights

· National Organization for Women (NOW) - advocate equal rights

· 1967:25^th Amendment – Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP

1968

1974

1968: Election of 1968 – RFK shot; Nixon elected

· Nixon's "New Federalism" - returning power to the states

· Vietnamization begins – war extends

· TET – Viet Cong attacks during Vietnamese holiday

· War extended to Laos and Cambodia

· Civil Rights Act - attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing.

· 1969: Vietnamization begins – slow withdrawal of troops from Vietnam

· Nixon Doctrine – reducing number of troops abroad by helping nations economically and militarily

· Armstrong walks on the moon

· Warren E. Burger appointed - a conservative to fill Earl Warren's liberal spot.]

· U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral

· 1970: Kent State – Protest war – troops sent in – 4 die

· 1971: Reed vs. Reed – outlawed sexual discrimination

· Desegregation – kids bused into black/white schools

· New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation

· 1972: Election of 1972: Nixon re-elected defeating McGovern in largest landslide victory

· Nixon visits Red China and Russia: eases tensions

· SALT1: Nuclear arms limitation agreement

· Watergate Scandal begins: burglarizing and wiretapping the national headquarters of the Democratic Party

- investigation headed by Baker

· Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes

· 1973: VP Agnue resigns: Ford replaces him

· Treaty of Paris: Ends Vietnam – troops withdrawn – Vietnam temp. divided again

· Gideon vs. Wainwright - court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases

1974

1976

Roe vs. Wade - restricting abortion is unconstitutional.

· 1974: Nixon resigns

· Ford pardons Nixon

· Vietnam becomes Communistic

· Kaher roge – ruthless regime established in Cambodia

· 1975: US ship Mayaquez attacked by Cambodia - crew rescued

· South Vietnam becomes Communist

1976

1980

1976: Election of 1975: Carter defeats Ford

· 1977:US gives up rights to Panama Canal in 1999

· 1978: China and US agree to establish diplomatic relations

· 1979: Create Department of Energy and Department of Education

· Fuel shortage

· Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt

· Shah expelled from Iran: American embassy taken hostage: Carter’s rescue mission fails

· SALT II - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with Russia - removed after Russia attacked Afghanistan

· Three Mile Island - power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania

· 1980: Election of 1980: Reagan wins with his “Reaganomics” program of reducing taxes and spending -

1980

1988

"supply-side" and "trickle-down" economics

· Iran hostages released

· Olympic Boycott - The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

· 1981: Air Traffic Controllers Stike

· Assassination attempt on Reagan

· Economic Recovery Tax Bill:

· Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman Supreme Court justice

· 1983: Military invasion of Grenada (Caribbean island) to stop Communism

· American peacekeeping force in Lebanon attacked by terrorists - 241 dead

· 1984: Taxes increase

· 1986: US bombs terrorist targets in Libya

· 1988: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) limiting intermediate-range nuclear missiles with Russia

South

Colony Characteristics

Colonies Reject

Crown’s Rejection

First Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress

For Independence

Against Independence

Articles of Confederation

Constitution

Bill of Rights

Hamilton

Jefferson

Historiography

T Y L E R 1840 1844 Democrats

Whigs

L I N C O L N 1860 1865 For Seccession

Against Seccession

Confederate Constitution

Historiography

For War

Against War

Important Points

Causes of Crash

For New Deal

Anti - New Deal

T

Y

L

E

R

1840

1844

Democrats

L

I

N

C

O

L

N

1860

1865

For Seccession